Calcine |
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A ceramic mineral or mixture fired to less than
fusion for use as a constituent in a ceramic
composition. (ASTM C 242).
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Camber |
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A deflection that is intentionally built into a
structural element or form to improve appearance or
to nullify the deflection of the element under the
effects of loads, shrinkage and creep.
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Cap |
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See Bullnose.
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Cassiterite (Sri 02) |
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An inorganic mineral of the tetragonal form used as
a source of tin and tin oxide. (ASTM C 21)
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Cast-in-place |
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Mortar or concrete which is deposited in the place
where it is required to harden as part of the
structure, as opposed to precast concrete.
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Casting |
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Forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into
a porous mold which absorbs sufficient water from
the slip to produce a semirigid article. (ASTM C
242).
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Casting plaster |
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A fast-setting gypsum plaster that is used to anchor
marble to walls, set spots, or mix temporary "hot
mud."
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Casting solid |
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Forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into
a porous mold which usually consists of two major
sections, one section forming the contour of the
inside of the ware and allowing a solid cast to form
between the two mold faces. (ASTM C 242).
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Casting, drain (hollow casting) |
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Forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into
an open porous mold, and then draining off the
remaining slip when the cast has reached the desired
thickness. (ASTM C 242).
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Caulking compound |
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A soft, plastic material consisting of pigment and
vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and
other structures where normal structural movement
may occur.Caulking compound retains its plasticity
for an extended period after application. It is
available in forms suitable for application by gun
and knife and in extruded preformed shapes.
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Ceiling mortar |
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Extra-rich wall mortar.
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Cement |
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Usually refers to portland cement which when mixed
with sand, gravel, and water forms concrete.
Generally, cement is an adhesive; specifically, it
is that type of adhesive which sets by virtue of a
chemical reaction.
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Cement grout |
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A cementitious mixture of portland cement, sand or
other ingredients and water which produces a water
resistant, uniformly colored material used to fill
joints between tile units.
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Cement mortar |
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A cementitious mixture of portland cement, sand or
other ingredients and water which is used for
bonding tile to back-up material.
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Cement portland |
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A hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker
consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium
silicates, and usually containing one or more of the
forms of calcium sulfate as an interground addition.
Cement, white. Portland cement which hydrates to a
white paste; made from raw materials of low iron
content, the clinker for which is fired by a
reducing flame.
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Cement, masonry |
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A hydraulic cement for use in mortars for masonry
construction, containing one or more of the
following materials: portland cement, portland
blast-furnace slag cement, portland-pozzolan cement,
natural cement, slag cement or hydraulic lime; and
in addition usually containing one or more materials
such as hydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcareous
shell, talc, slag, or clay, as prepared for this
purpose.
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Cement-body tiles |
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Tiles with the body made from a mixture of sand and
portland cement. The surface may be finished with
portland cement, spheroids of marble or other
materials.
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Centigrade |
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A scale of temperature which features 0° and 100° as
the freezing and boiling point of water
respectively. To convert centigrade to Fahrenheit
multiply by 1.8 and add 32, e.g., (100°x1.8)-
32=212°F.
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Ceramic article |
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An article having a glazed or unglazed body of
crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or of
glass, which body is produced from essentially
inorganic, nonmetallic substances and either is
formed from a molten mass which solidifies on
cooling or is formed and simultaneously or
subsequently matured by the action of the heat.
(ASTM C 242).
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Ceramic mosaic tile |
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An unglazed tile formed by either the dust-pressed
or plastic method, usually 1/a to 3/a in. (6.4 to
9.5 mm) thick, and having a facial area of less than
6 in. 2 and which is usually mounted on sheets
approximately 2 by 1 ft. (0.3 by 0.6 m) to
facilitate setting. Ceramic mosaic tile may be of
either porcelain or natural clay composition and may
be either plain or with an abrasive mixture
throughout. (ASTM C 242). Ceramic paste. A French
term synonymous with "ceramic body." (ASTM C 242).
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Ceramic process |
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The production of articles or coatings from
essentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the
article or coating being made permanent and suitable
for utilitarian and decorative purposes by the
action of heat at temperatures sufficient to cause
sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding, or
conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.
(ASTM C 242).
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Ceramic tile |
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A ceramic surfacing unit, usually relatively thin in
relation to facial area, made from clay or a mixture
of clay; and other ceramic material, called the body
of the tile, having either a "glazed" or "unglazed"
face, and fired above red heat in the course of
manufacture to a temperature sufficiently high to
produce specific physical properties and
characteristics.
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Ceramic whiteware |
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A fired ware consisting of a glazed or unglazed
ceramic body which is commonly white and of fine
texture. This term designates such products as
china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.
(ASTM C 242).
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Ceramics |
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A general term applied to the art or technique of
producing articles by a ceramic process, or to the
articles so producing. (ASTM C 242).
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Chair |
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See Bar support.
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Chalk line |
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Usually cotton cord coated with chalk. The cord is
snapped to mark a straight line. The chalk line is
used to align spots or screeds.
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Checking |
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Short shallow cracks on the surface. Chemical
porcelain. Vitreous ceramic whitewares used for
containing, transporting, or reacting of chemicals.
(ASTM C 242).
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China |
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A glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware used
for nontechnical purposes. This term designates such
products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, and art ware
when they are vitreous. (See also Bone china.) (ASTM
C 242).
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China process |
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The method of producing glazed ware by which the
ceramic body is fired to maturity, following which
the glaze is applied and matured by firing at a
lower temperature. (ASTM C 242).
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China sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)
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Glazed, vitrified whiteware fixtures having a
sanitary service function. (ASTM C 242).
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Chipped |
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Caused from the same reasons as given under "pitted"
or by rough handling and confined to the corners and
edges of the tile.
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Chipping hammer |
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The chipping hammer is a lightweight hammer that
comes in a variety of sizes. The head and back can
be capped with tungsten carbide for durability. It
is used by the tilesetter to chip excess material
from the backs and edges of wall and quarry tiles,
thus reducing the amount of grinding work necessary
to smooth a cut.
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Chips |
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The scaling or breaking off at the edges of
fragments from the surface of a tile, as might
result from rough handling.
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Clay |
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A natural mineral aggregate, consisting essentially
of hydrous aluminum silicates; it is plastic when
sufficiently wetted, rigid when dried en masse, and
vitrified when fired to a sufficiently high
temperature. (ASTM C 242).
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Clear glaze |
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A colorless or colored transparent ceramic glaze.
(ASTM C 242).
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Cleavage membrane |
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A layer of 15 lb. roofing felt, or an equivalent
type of construction paper or polyethylene sheeting,
used to isolate a wire reinforced mortar bed for
tile from the concrete substrate. (CTI)
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Cold joint |
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Any point in a tile installation where tile and
setting bed have terminated and the surface has lost
its plasticity before work is continued.
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Cold joint lines |
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Visible lines on the surfaces of formed concrete
indicating the presence of joints where one layer of
concrete had hardened before subsequent concrete was
placed. (See also Cold joint).
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Color |
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The aspect of the appearance of an object dependent
upon the spectral composition of the incident light,
the spectral reflectance of transmittance of the
object, and the spectral response of the observer.
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Colored grout |
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Commercially prepared grout consisting of carefully
graded aggregate, portland cement, water dispersing
agents, plasticizers and color fast pigments. (CTI).
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Column |
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A member used primarily to support axial compression
loads and with a height of at least three times its
least lateral dimension.
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Compaction |
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The process whereby the volume of freshly placed
mortar or concrete is reduced to the minimum
practical space usually by vibration,
centrifugation, tamping, or some combination of
these; to mold it within forms or molds and around
embedded parts and reinforcement, and to eliminate
voids other than entrained air.
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Composition tile |
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A hard tile surfacing unit made from a mixture of
chemicals. The finished surface can be the mixture
of chemicals or can be marble chips to create a
terrazzo finish. The unit is made hard by the set of
the chemicals and the product is not fired as in the
manufacture of ceramic tile. (CTI)
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Compressive strength |
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The measured maximum resistance of a concrete or
mortar specimen to axial loading; expressed as force
per unit cross-sectional area; or the specified
resistance used in design calculations, in the U.S.
customary units of measure expressed in pounds per
square inch (psi).
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Concrete |
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A composite material which consists essentially of a
binding medium within which are embedded particles
or fragments of aggregate; in portland cement
concrete, the binder is a mixture of portland cement
and water.
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Concrete pump |
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An apparatus which forces concrete to the placing
position through a pipeline or hose. Concrete,
prestressed. See Prestressed concrete. Concrete,
pumped. See Pumped concrete.
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Concrete, fibrous |
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Concrete containing, dispersed, randomly oriented
fibers.
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Concrete, field |
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Concrete delivered or mixed, placed, and cured on
the job site.
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Concrete, foamed |
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Concrete made very light and cellular by the
addition of a prepared foam or by generation of gas
within the unhardened mixture.
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Concrete, green |
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Concrete which has set but not appreciably hardened.
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Concrete, lightweight |
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Concrete, precast |
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See Precast concrete.
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Concrete, refractory |
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See Refractory concrete.
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Concrete, terrazzo |
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Marble-aggregate concrete that is cast-in-place
precast and ground smooth for decorative surfacing
purposes on floors and walls.
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Condensation |
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Usually refers to liquid drops which form when a
vapor is chilled below its boiling point. Also
refers to water droplets that deposit on surfaces
whose temperature is below the dewpoint.
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Conductive (adj.) |
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Having the quality or power of conducting or
transmitting heat, electricity, or static
electricity.
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Conductive mortar |
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A tile mortar to which specific electrical
conductivity is imparted through the use of
conductive additives. (TCA)
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Conductive tile |
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Tile made from special body compositions or by
methods that result in specific properties of
electrical conductivity while retaining other normal
physical properties of ceramic tile. (SS-T-308b)
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Contaminated |
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Stained tile as a result of carton and tile being
saturated by moisture, oils, solvents or other
materials.
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Contraction joint |
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Formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete
structure to create a weakened plane and regulate
the location or cracking resulting from the
dimensional change of different parts of the
structure. (See also Isolation joint.)
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Control joints |
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See Expansion joints.
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Conventional installation |
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The method of installing ceramic tile with portland
cement mortar.
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Coping |
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The material or units used to form a cap or finish
on top of a wall, pier, pilaster, or chimney.
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Corbel |
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A projection from the face of a beam, girder,
column, or wall used as a beam seat or a decoration.
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Cordierite porcelain |
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A vitreous ceramic whiteware for technical
application in which cordierite (2 MgO 2A120.,3 -
5SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase. (ASTM C
242).
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Cordierite whiteware |
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Anv ceramic whiteware in which cordierite (2MgO -
2A1203 - 5SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.
(ASTM C 242).
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Corrosion |
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The eating and wearing away by chemical action
(pitting, rusting).
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Cove |
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A trim tile unit having one edge with a concave
radius. A cove is used to form a junction between
the bottom wall course and the floor or to form an
inside corner. (TCA)
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Cove base (sanitary) |
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A trim tile having a concave radius on one edge and
a convex radius with a flat landing on the opposite
edge. This base often is used as the only course of
tile above the floor tile.
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Coverage |
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A measure of the amount of material required to
cover a given surface.
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Covering power |
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The ability of a glaze to uniformly and completely
cover the surface of the fired water. (ASTM C 242).
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Crack-control reinforcement |
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Reinforcement in concrete construction designed to
prevent opening of cracks, often effective in
limiting them to uniformly distributed small cracks.
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Cracked |
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Tiles that have actually been cracked in one or more
pieces usually during the beating in process of
installation. These will show up as hairline cracks.
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Cracks |
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Hair-line fissures.
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Crawling |
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A parting and contraction of the glaze on the
surface of ceramic ware during drying or firing,
resulting in unglazed areas bordered by coalesced
glaze. (ASTM C 242-58T)
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Crazing |
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The cracking which occurs in fired glazes or other
ceramic coatings due to critical tensile stresses.
(ASTM C 242).
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Creep |
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Tune-dependent deformation due to sustained load.
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Crooked edges |
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A curvature of the sides, either convex or concave,
measured along the sides. The degree of crook is the
departure from the straight line between two
corners, expressed in percentage of the tile length.
Crow hop. a slang term used to describe tile joints
that are out of alignment.
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Crystalline glaze |
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Glazed tile with an extra heavy glaze produced for
use on counter tops and light duty floor surfaces
where abrasion or impact is not excessive. (CTI)
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Curing |
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Maintenance of humidity and temperature of freshly
placed concrete during some definite period
following placing, casting, or finishing to assure
satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials
and proper hardening of the concrete.
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Curing blanket |
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A built-up covering of sacks, matting, hessian,
straw, waterproof paper, or other suitable material
placed over freshly finished concrete. (See also
Burlap.)
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Curing compound |
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A liquid that can be applied as a coating to the
surface of newly placed concrete to retard the loss
of water or, in the case of pigmented compounds,
also to reflect heat so as to provide an opportunity
for the concrete to develop its properties in a
favorable temperature and moisture environment. (See
also Curing.)
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Curing, electrical |
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A system in which a favorable temperature is
maintained in freshly-placed concrete by supplying
heat generated by electrical resistance. Curing,
steam. See Steam curing.
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Curling |
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The distortion of an originally essentially linear
or planar member into a curved shape such as the
warping of a slab due to creep or to differences in
temperature or moisture content in the zones
adjacent to its opposite faces.
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Cushion-edged tile |
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Tile on which the facial edges have a distinct
curvature that results in a slightly recessed joint.
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