P.S.I. or psi |
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Pounds per square inch, a unit measure of pressure.
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Packing house tile |
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Similar to quarry tile but usually of greater
thickness.
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Paper and wire |
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'far paper and wire mesh (or metal lath) that are
used as a hacking; for the installation of tile.
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Paper mounted ceramic mosaics |
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Ceramic mosaic tiles mounted on paper. Paper is
applied to face of tile in sheets approximately
twelve (12) inches wide, twentyfour (0-1) inches
long.
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Pate dure (hard paste) |
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A French term designating; ceramic whitewares fired
at relatively high temperatures. (ASTM C 242).
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Pate tendre (soft paste) |
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A French term designating ceramic whitewares fired
at relatively low temperatures. (ASTM C 242).
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Pavers |
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Unglazed porcelain or natural clay tile formed by
the dust-pressed method and similar to ceramic
mosaics in composition and physical properties but
relatively thicker with 6 in.- or more of facial
area. (ASTM C 242).
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Peeling |
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See Orangepeel; Shivering.
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Pencil rod |
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Reinforcing steel rod with a diameter of Y4".
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Petalite |
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A lithium mineral of theorical composition Li,O - A
120a ' 8Si02 which transforms on heating to a beta
spodurnene-silica solid solution product of very low
or nil thermal expansion.
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pH |
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A simplified system of measuring acidity or
alkalinity irrespective of the acid or alkali
involved; in which neutrality is 7.0, e.g., Mineral
Acid Solution is 1.0-2.8, Acetic Acid Solution or
Citric Acid Solution is 3.0-4.0, Ammonia is 9.0,
Lime Water is 12.0.
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Physical properties of ceramic tile |
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Those properties as measured by ASTM tests.
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Pinholes |
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Imperfections in the surface of a ceramic body or
glaze resembling pin pricks. (ASTM C 242).
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Pitted |
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Indentations in the finished surface of individtial
tiles other than at the corners and edges. These are
caused by sharp corners on trowels and other tools
of the workmen and are different than manufacturing
defects.
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Pitting |
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Development of relatively small cavities in a
surface, due to phenomena such as corrosion or
cavitation, or, in concrete, localized
disintegration. (See also Popout. )
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Plaster |
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A cementitious material or combination of
cementitious material and aggregate that, when mixed
with a suitable amount of water, forms a plastic
mass or paste which when applied to a surface,
adheres to it and subsequently hardens, preserving
in a rigid state the form or texture imposed during
the period of plasticity; also the placed and
hardened mixture. (See also Stucco.)
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Plastic cracking |
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Cracking that occurs in the surface of fresh
concrete soon after it is placed and while it is
still plastic.
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Plastic flow |
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See Creep.
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Plastic pressing |
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See Pressing, wet.
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Plasticity |
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A complex property of a material involving a
combination of qualities of mobility and magnitude
of yield value; that property of freshly mixed
cement paste concrete, or mortar which determines
its resistance deformation or ease of molding.
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Plasticizer |
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A material that increases plasticity of a cement
paste, mortar, or concrete mixture.
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PLI |
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Pounders per lineal inch.
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Plumb |
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Perpendicular to a true level.
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Plumb scratch |
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An additional scratch coat that has been applied to
obtain a uniform setting bed on a plumb vertical
plane.
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Pointing mix |
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Mortar with a consistency of stiff paste. The mix is
forcibly compressed into the tile joints where it
hardens.
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Pointing trowel |
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The pointing trowel or pointer is probably the most
essential tool in the trade. It comes in sizes
ranging from 4" to 7" in length, but the 6" trowel
is the most popular. The tilesetter uses this trowel
in every phase of the work, especially for
straightening tiles on walls and floors, marking
floated surfaces, filling; small depressions on
float coats, buttering; tiles and trim work, and
placing mortar in areas that are too small for the
flat trowel. The butt of the handle is used for
tapping in tiles that are not on a true plane with
the rest of the tilework. The trowel's flat working
surface must be protected. The tilesetter should not
use it to pry or chop hardened materials such as
concrete or plaster.
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Poisson's ratio |
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The ratio of transverse (lateral) strain to the
corresponding axial (longitudinal) strain resulting
from uniformly distributed axial stress below the
proportional limit of the material; the value will
average about 0.2 for concrete and 0.25 for most
metals.
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Polychrome decoration |
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A multicolor decoration. (ASTM C 242).
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Polyethylene |
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A thermoplastic high-molecular-weight organic
compound used in formulating protective coatings or,
in sheet form, as a protective cover for concrete
surfaces during the curing period, or to provide a
temporary enclosure for construction operations.
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Popout |
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The breaking away of small portions of a concrete
surface due to internal pressure which leaves a
shallow, typically conical, depression.
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Porcelain |
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A glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic white,.vare
used for technical purposes. This term designates
such products as electrical, chemical, mechanical,
structural, and thermal wares when they are
vitreous. (See also, Alumina porcelain; Cordierite
porcelain; Forsterite porcelain; Steatite porcelain;
Titania porcelain; and Zircon porcelain.) (ASTM C
242).
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Porcelain process |
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The method of producing glazed ware by which a
ceraunic body and glaze are matured together in the
same firing operation. (ASTM C 242).
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Porcelain tile |
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A ceramic mosaic tile or paver that is generally
made by the dust-pressed method, of a composition
resulting in a tile that is dense, finegrained, and
smooth with sharply formed face, usually impervious.
Colors of the porcelain type are usually of a clear,
luminous type or granular blend thereof. (ASTM C
242).
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Porosity, apparent |
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The relationship of the open pore space to the bulk
volume, expressed in percent. (ASTM C 242).
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Post-tensioning |
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A method of prestressing reinforced concrete in
which tendons are tensioned after the concrete has
hardened.
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Pot life |
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The period of time during which a material maintains
its workable properties after it has been mixed.
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Pottery |
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All fired ceramic wares that contain clay when
formed, except technical, structural and refractory
products. (ASTM C 242).
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Pozzolan |
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A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material,
which in itself possesses little or no cementitious
value but will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties.
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Precast |
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A concrete member that is cast and cured in other
than its final position; the process of placing and
finishing precast concrete.
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Precast concrete |
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Concrete cast elsewhere than its final position.
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Prefloat |
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The term used to describe mortar that has been
placed and allowed to harden prior to bonding tile
to it with thin-set materials.
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Pregrouted tile |
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A surface unit consisting of an assembly of ceramic
tile bonded together at their edges by a material,
generally elastomeric, which seals the joints
completely. Such material (grout) may fill the joint
completely, or partially and may cover all, a
portion or none of the back surfaces of the tiles in
the sheets. The perimeter of these factory
pregrouted sheets may include the entire, or part of
the joint between the sheets or none at all. The
term edgebonded tile is sometimes used to designate
a particular type of pregrouted tile sheets having
the front and back surfaces completely exposed.
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Pressing |
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See Pressing, dry; Pressing, hot; Pressing, wet.
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Pressing, dry |
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Forming ceramic ware in dies from powdered or
granular material by direct pressure. (ASTM C 242).
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Pressing, hot |
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A jiggering process wherein a heated profile tool or
plunger is employed. (ASTM C 242-72)
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Pressing, wet (plastic pressing) |
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Forming ceramic ware in dies from a plastic body by
direct pressure. (ASTM C 242).
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Prestressed concrete |
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Concrete in which internal stresses of such
magnitude and distribution are introduced that the
tensile stresses resulting from the service loads
are counteracted to a desired degree; in reinforced
concrete the prestress is commonly introduced by
tensioning the tendons.
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Pretensioning |
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A method of prestressing reinforced concrete in
which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete
has hardened.
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Primary clay (residual clay) |
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A clay which remains geologically at its site of
formation. (ASTM C 242).
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Process |
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See Process, dry; Process, wet.
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Process, dry (dry mix) |
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The method of preparation of a ceramic body wherein
the constituents are blended dry, following which
liquid may be added as required for subsequent
processing. (ASTM C 242).
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Process, wet (slip process) |
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The method of preparation of a ceramic body wherein
the constituents are blended in sufficient liquid to
produce a fluid suspension for use as such or for
subsequent processing. (ASTM C 242).
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Pumice |
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A highly porous and vesicular lava usually of
relatively high silica content composed largely of
glass drawn into approximately parallel or loosely
entwined fibers, which themselves contain sealed
vesicles.
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Pumped concrete |
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Concrete which is transported through hose or pipe
by means of a pump.
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Pure |
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See Neat cement.
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Pure coat |
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A thin coat of pure portland cement which is used to
bond tile to mortar.
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Pyrophyllite |
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A hydrated aluminum silicate mineral of the
theoretical composition A12 03 - 4Si 02 - H2 O,
having physical properities in the raw state
resembling mineral talc. (ASTM C 21)
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